Julie

â€Å"BP is a global vitality business that has 92,000 workers and works in 175 nations. At the point when another CEO was enlisted inside at BP (Tony Hayward), he vowed to improve the company’s frustrating execution by rapidly changing its way of life to turn out to be increasingly inventive and receptive to its clients. † Q: How simple do you think it is for another CEO to change the way of life of an association quickly?Justify your answer concerning BP and/or different organizations that you know. The BP Company has encountered a tremendous blast at its Texas City Refinery in 2005, the oil spillage in Alaska in 2006 and furthermore the Gulf of Mexico blast in the BP oilfield in 2010, and these events have had consequences for the BP’s notoriety and the business execution. As another CEO, Tony Hayward was enrolled in June 2007 and he took over for BP's exceptionally regarded previous CEO Lord Browne.The new CEO of BP might have the option to utilize his own au thority or the board style to change the way of life of the association and furthermore attempt to assist the business with growing and improve better. Be that as it may, the degree to which the viability of his method of driving the business and how rapidly it tends to be for change to eh business culture are relies on various components. Initially, Tony Hayward utilizes the popularity based and paternalistic administration style to deal with the business.Hayward was depicting as a common order and control association that is excessively centered around cost-cutting and overwhelmed by firefighting. As indicated by the site, Hayward had imparted his insight of the way of life of the business and three significant focuses with different individuals from senior administration. He expressed that the BP is having the administration style that most likely is excessively order and doesn't listen adequately well. The highest point of the association doesn't listen sufficiently hard to what the base of the association is saying.BP has an administration style that has made a goodness out of helping out less which sometimes is alright and might work, yet it should be overseen and sent with extraordinary judgment and intelligence, and when it isn't, the BP may run into inconveniences. Something else that Hayward is attempting to state is that he figures the BP should ponder the upkeep of a bit of hardware for a more extended timeframe however not the transient advantage like cutting the expense, for instance, it isn't mindful to slice financial plans identified with wellbeing and support without completely analyzing the effect on the danger of a disastrous accident.At a similar time, Hayward is notable and has encounters in the association. On the off chance that the laborers can get included more to the business with the goal that this may prompt better dynamic and he additionally need laborers to have a sense of safety and upbeat in their occupations, since he plan to make the business to turn out to be progressively imaginative. For instance, in changing circumstances that request another perspective or a new arrangement, stuff information can be useful and valuable.These the board procedures may lead the business to perform better, and if the entire business is having more inspiration to work which on different words intends to turn out to be progressively receptive to its clients and besides, it might empower BP to raise it notoriety and addition its public’s trust once more. Be that as it may, then again, changing the corporative culture of the business can be troublesome and in actuality, it take times for the business to become accustomed to the progressions before it proceeds onward to the next phase of better business execution. There are likewise some different components that can impact the authority style.For model, if the representatives of BP are increasingly used to the initiative style of the past CEO, in spite of the fact t hat it is accepted that administration procedures can noteworthy impact the entire business, however it may at present lead to an awful or more regrettable business execution or the opposition from the workers from tolerating the adjustments in the way of life of the business. The CEO of BP will be unable to change the business culture rapidly or anticipating an unexpected change in the imaginative capacity of the business, a large portion of the procedures set aside some effort to bring about the great way and become powerful for the entire business.Another factor is that in light of the fact that for the normal of the business, similar to its notoriety has been impact by the genuine events that occurred previously and BP had additionally lost some open trusts, instead of attempting to change negative perspective, it may be better and simpler for them to focus on the positive parts of the business and how it as of now works. A portion of the outer components that will impact the le ader’s capacity might be the monetary issue like downturn, for instance, the fast choices taken at a senior level might be expected to make sure about the endurance of the business during the recession.There are likewise a few issues related with the change in hierarchical culture. Right off the bat, If the foundation of the new targets and a statement of purpose isn't clear or isn't precisely mirroring the new qualities and mentalities that are to be received, these new parts of the business all should have been imparted to all the representatives of BP, else it may prompt a demotivation of the workforce of the entire business.Secondly, if the CEO of BP can't change the way of life of the business in the fast path in light of absence of preparing, so they may need to prepare staff in new systems and better approaches for working. On the off chance that the individuals put stock in the change and comprehend its advantages, at that point it will turn out to be increasingly ade quate to them. Taking everything into account, it is feasible for another CEO to change the way of life of an association and have positive impacts if the CEO execute the correct systems and has set the items clear and impart well to the entire business.However, it takes effort for the BP Company to acknowledge or become accustomed to the progressions of the business culture in a brief timeframe. Along these lines, if the CEO can maintain a strategic distance from the conceivable negative impacts that may influence the change in hierarchical culture and the variables that may affect the BP’s execution, at that point the new CEO might have the option to help BP to improve the company’s baffling execution and accomplish its principle corporate destinations later on.

Commercialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercialization - Essay Example While it may be normal that universal development is a lot of a similar animal as contrasted and the error as well as local extension, the truth is that a completely new degree of contemplations must be considered. Appropriately, the principal segment of this investigation will examine a portion of the key ramifications and contemplations that must be considered with respect to dispatch any item universally (Bewayo 7). In like manner, the second area of this examination will center after distinguishing and talking about the idea of time to advertise as for the commercialization planet esteem making of the given product offering or business element. As a component of investigating this data, it is the desire for this writer that the peruser will acquire clear and complete comprehension of a portion of the striking issues and entanglements including worldwide item dispatch and expansive effects that even moment levels of time-to-showcase issues can have in influencing in general benefi t and levels of serious edge that may somehow or another be understanding. The first and most notable issue that must be examined concerning propelling another product offering inside a universal extension is as for the way that partners inside the worldwide network will assuredly not incorporate with the item or administration to the stain degree or to a similar level that local shoppers have so far displayed (Anyim et al. 59). Business history is covered with instances of exceptionally fruitful local firms that accomplished immense worldwide disappointment because of the way that they didn't play out the required statistical surveying inside the global objective market. Or maybe, they were complicit and alright with simply using the market information and reaction instruments that local shoppers have represented inside the past; mixing them to encounter the entanglement of what a clueless and eventually self-important outside firm could involvement with a worldwide market (Ozer 47 7). All things considered, looking to perform due persistence concerning the promoting approach and investing the vital measure of energy and cash that is required to increase a degree of derivation with respect to the manner by which customers from various societies, religions, dialects, and different variables may react. Despite the fact that this is a tedious methodology, one that fundamentally has an effect upon the second determinate which will be talked about beneath, it regardless is remarkably significant all together for the business, association, or element to accomplish a degree of universal just as local set (Bewayo 493). The second determinate that this short examination will consider is concerning talking about and distinguishing the idea of time-to-showcase regarding the commercialization plan. Contingent upon the specific business and item/administration that is offered, time-to-showcase is a remarkably significant factor. On the off chance that one considers the ins tance of Samsung, even the most cunning structures and levels of innovation included inside such a plan are at last out of date extremely not long after they are made. All things considered, time-to-advertise is something that Samsung, and firms like it, must consider at the very tip of their dynamic chain of command (Ball et al. 3137). In any case, firms that are less time touchy can dissect the market and perform research to a progressively powerful degree before hopping into a circumstance that

How We Give Up Our Dreams

How We Give Up Our Dreams Top 4 Ways We Refuse What We Really Want Home›Informative Posts›Top 4 Ways We Refuse What We Really Want Informative PostsIt turns out that we’re specialists in sabotaging our dreams. Some people don’t realize the problem and don’t do anything about it, on the other hand, some people realize the situation, but find it difficult to change something. This article is dedicated to every person’s forgotten dream.We give to someone else what we want for ourselvesIve taught high school students, college students, graduate students, inmates in prison, and people on retreats. That’s what I like doing the most! I’m very vigilant in understanding the inner world of my students and helping them to understand how they can learn effectively. The focus that I’m giving to my students is something that I often miss in my own life. And all of us often do this: we find it more difficult to give to ourselves, but we’re constantly giving to someone else.We listen to this ugly voice i n our headA couple of years ago I became completely overwhelmed and exhausted because of the amount of work and family chores that I had. Then, I decided to spend a couple of days completely alone â€" without my husband, kids, and dog. It was a great and appropriate idea so I decided to go for a three-day silent retreat. However, very soon, that ugly voice in my head started asking me all kinds of silly questions: Can my husband manage it? What will he eat? Will he remember that he needs to help our son? It took me some time to realize that the voice was completely disconnected from reality. The wave of resentment arose, because of my decision to step out of my comfort zone. For a while, it made me use my husband as my way out. Don’t let this ugly voice spoil your life.We think that we cant afford itWhile sometimes this is true, there are situations when the words ‘can’t afford’ simply mean, “I don’t deserve this”. If you identify that you have this thought, you’d be tter start changing your state of mind right now. You want to go on a special vacation? Start saving money! You want a new car? Go for it! Again, we’re talking about the limitations that exist only in our minds.We think we will do it when the time is rightEven though there are situations when we really have to wait till the time is right, in most cases, we don’t have the right circumstances and we have to act from where we are now. Because all you have is NOW, and if you don’t do this now, then when?  By postponing what we really want to do, we’re simply stockpiling our dreams. After the death of my mother, I discovered a closet filled with empty notebooks and pens in her little office. She always dreamed to write, but never had time, or was too tired for it. She had thought that there would be more time, until all her time ran out. Do you want to be like her and live your life without seeing your dreams come true?Follow your dreams they have a lot to offer!

Decision Making For A Desired State Of Affairs - 1422 Words

According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2013, p. 330). â€Å"Decision making entails identifying and choosing alternative solutions that lead to a desired state of affairs.† It is important to factor in making sure you thoroughly think about choices or options when making decisions. The choice you make could affect many different aspects initially and in the long run. Therefore, â€Å"Learning to be efficient in decision making and to prioritize decisions we must make is essential† (Bartlett,, 2015, p. 14). After looking at the various stages in the decision making process, I believe I excel at all of them in some aspect. I exhibit a lot of skills and experience that are necessary in each step of decision making. In my position, I have to be creative and pinpoint areas that need to be either corrected and or added. So therefore, I have to determine and initiate what decisions must be made. Also, I generate alternative solutions, evaluate every situation, and implement the decision that was chosen to take. Being in my current position, I take on the responsibility of ensuring that everyone is equipped in being productive in their job and when circumstances arise I am the go-to person. An example of a simple decision making process that I encountered was with one of our major sources used for producing our work. A lab microscope and printer in which we utilize daily to generate output for our lab was continually having mishaps daily. After a week long process of shutting itShow MoreRelatedThe Art Institutes Of Indianapolis Campus Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, I will have not any concerns about traveling to the Art Institutes of Indianapolis Campus. 2. When is the earliest you would be able to start should you be offered the position? I am no longer working for Charter Oak State College. This is a result of a billion dollar State of Connecticut budget shortage. 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Biology A2 Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level * 2 3 0 8 9 6 9 9 7 3 * BIOLOGY Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology A2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Write in dark blue or black ink. You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. 9700/51 October/November 2011 1 hour 15 minutes For Examiner’s Use 1 2 Total This document consists of 8 printed pages. DC (CB (SE/DJ)) 34786/4  © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 1 Photosynthesis was investigated in a species of unicellular alga using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. 1. suspension of unicellular algae in water For Examiner’s Use 10. 0 light of known wavelength oxygen probe magnetic stirrer Fig. 1. Two different strains of the species of alga were tested using a range of different wavelengths of light. †¢ †¢ Light of known wavelength was passed through the tube containing algae for two hours. The light transmission through the suspension and the oxygen concentration were then measured. light meter oxygen meter The results were used to plot the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum for ea ch strain of alga. Fig. 1. 2 shows these spectra. strain A strain B absorbance absorption spectra 400 500 600 700 wavelength of light / nm rate of photosynthesis action spectra 400 500 600 700 wavelength of light / nm Fig. . 2  © UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 3 (a) (i) State the two dependent variables in this investigation. 1. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [2] (ii) Apart from temperature and pH, which have little effect, state two variables th at should be standardised during this investigation. 1. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [2] (b) (i) Water with no suspended algae transmits 100% of the light. State how the data to plot the absorption spectrum was obtained. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [1] (ii) State the data which would be used to plot the action spectrum. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. [1] The photosynthetic pigments of the algae were extracted and were separated by two-way chromatography. The pigments were first separated by one solvent and then separated again by a second solvent at right angles to the first solvent. Fig. 1. 3. shows the results for the two different strains. strain A solvent front 1 4 3 2 direction of first solvent 1 origin 6 1 origin 5 3 2 6 strain B 5 solvent front 1 For Examiner’s Use solvent front 2 direction of second solvent Fig. . 3 solvent front 2 (c) Using the information in Fig. 1. 3, suggest why using two different solvents gives a better separation of these pigments than just using one solvent. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. [2]  © UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 [Turn over 4 (d) Outline a procedure that a student could use to extract the photosynthetic pigments and obtain these chromatograms. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ 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¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. [8] For Examiner’s Use UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 5 (e) Different photosynthetic pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Table 1. 1 shows some information about the pigments, P, Q, R, S and T, found in these unicellular algae, including the wavelength of light at which maximum light absorption occurs. Table 1. 1 pigment wavelength of light / nm 620 545 and 547 420 and 660 490 430 and 645 Rf value solvent 1 0. 20 0. 60 0. 65 0. 91 0. 82 solvent 2 0. 89 0. 29 0. 11 0. 19 0. 92 For Examiner’s Use P Q R S T Rf = distance moved by pigment distance moved by solvent front One of the strains of algae lacks one of the pigments. Using the information in Table 1. 1, Fig. 1. 2 and Fig. 1. 3: (i) identify the strain of alga that lacks one of these pigments and state the letter of the missing pigment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [1] (ii) state the evidence that supports your answer to (i). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [2] (iii) In water, the shorter the wavelength of light, the deeper it travels. Suggest why it is an advantage to have the pigment that you identified in (i). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [1] [Total: 20]  © UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 [Turn over 2 A student carried out some investigations into the inheritance of body colour and wing length in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to test the hypothesis: The inheritance of body colour and wing length in fruit flies is controlled by two genes on separate chromosomes. The student carried out three genetic crosses. To carry out each cross the following procedure was used: †¢ †¢ †¢ male and virgin female adult fruit flies were placed into a breeding unit containing a culture medium for their larvae after mating and egg laying, the adult fruit flies were removed newly emerged adult fruit flies were sexed by observing the shape of the last How to cite Biology A2, Essay examples

Music Censorship free essay sample

Music Censorship I enjoy and love music very much. I feel that music artists should have the right to freely express their work and I feel that I should argue about the censorship attacks on these artists. Im tired of listening to a good song on the radio with some of the words censored. It ruins the song and I cant stand it. Some people think that rap is a bad Influence and causes the young to behave badly. But I think all this censoring has something to do with racism because It Is mostly black people singing the songs.The first website list the good side and bad side of rap censorship. I think half of this site is pretty good to use for my paper. The second website has a lot of information for my readers but the author has no definite side on the Issue and cant be used to persuade my readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Censorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last two websites are essays about censorship and wouldnt be good sources of information for my readers because some of the sources might not be treatable. We must stop the censoring of art and let the artists freely express their music because everyone deserves to express him or herself the way hey want. Gangs Rap, Censorship of: Databases Debate Topics and Debate Motions http://www. Debate. Org/databases/topic_details. PH? Topical=263 This website is sponsored by IDEA (International Debate Education Association). It is an Independent membership organization. I think this website Is appropriate for college level argument research essay because It provides information on both sides of an issue. This site contains many debates on almost any issue. It lists the pros and cons on how rap music doesnt actually encourage some listeners to behave In a certain way.Since this website shows both sides of the Issue, It can help me or hurt me in convincing my readers. Rap, Rock, and Censorship, http://www. Cash. SC. Due/Soc/faculty/defile/essences. HTML This pages sponsor is by a man named Mathieu Defile. The sponsor is appropriate because he is an associate professor of sociology at university of South Carolina. He has done a lot of research on the Issue with many sources and seems reliable. Some of the information on this page is helpful for my readers to understand the issue. He writes about the history and arguments of censorship of popular music.He writes about the legal principles, the law, and mainly the protection of the First Amendment. This site will Just be a good Information page on understanding the history of the fight on music censorship. Some of the facts are useful for my research but the author doesnt pick one side of the issue. Censorship of rap music essays, http www. Messages. Com/preparer/61066. HTML This website is an essay database that requires you to buy membership to fully view essays that other students turned in. I couldnt find any information on 1 OFF essay because you cant trust the information on these essays.This site is mainly for people to buy the essays and then popularize the work. Much of the information I can find on this page is an introduction to censorship of rap. It starts off talking about how rap music is made by rap artists that grew up with a tough childhood. They work on music and become successful. They are perfect role models showing everyone that anyone in that kind of situation can be successful. The essay ends there and you have to pay to see the rest. This paper is of no use to my readers and I because I want to use treatable facts from educated people and not Just some unknown author.Rap and Censorship, http://www. Plasterers. Com/Assets/2502. PH This website seems to be another essay paper database. I dont think this site is appropriate for reasons mention above. But this site is a little better because I can actually view the whole essay plus the sources the person used. This makes the paper more reliable. This paper mostly shows the beginnings of how rap got started and the troubles of censoring it went through. The writer does seem to be against censorship but this paper is mainly Just facts for the reader and not that much recursive. I would recommend my readers to read this for the freedom issues the write discusses about. UCLA (American Civil Liberties Union) would be appropriate for my readers to contact. UCLA is a political organization that is nonprofit and nonpartisan. They have many civil liberties members and supporters. They protect individual rights, your First Amendment rights, your right to equal protection under the law, etc. Censorship goes against your freedom of speech and so they try and protect that from music artists who are having their work censored.

Inequality and Environmental Goods and Bads Essay Example

Inequality and Environmental Goods and Bads Paper During the course Of this research I used website (USA Today) to look up my old school and found that the chemical most responsible for toxicity around my old school was sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is used in the production of fertilizer, which makes sense because the San Joaquin Valley is the states top agricultural producing region, sometimes called the nations salad bowl. Sulfuric acid can cause respiration problems, and irritation. Long-term exposure causes cancer. It was through this experience and others that became interested in environmental justice. In particular this research will explore who receives the majority of toxicity from illusion as well as who stands to benefit from polluting activities. A wealth of literature exists on environmental justice documenting the fact that people with low incomes, and communities with a large percentage of non-whites bear the brunt of the environmental bad. This becomes a real threat to life when you consider people who lack the means or access to healthcare, or to choose where to live. They have little buffer when confronted with a human made or natural disaster. The research have read suggests that it may have more to do with social and cultural explanations rather than strictly income. This research presents a few reasons why this is the case. People dont generally choose to live next to a toxic facility. It is more likely that the person cannot afford anywhere else, works there or the pollution came to them. Through exploring conflict theory, we learn they dont have the social and economic power to stop it. Evidence People of a lower economic status are exposed to a disproportionate amount of toxicity compared to people that make more money, people that have higher education, and whites. We will write a custom essay sample on Inequality and Environmental Goods and Bads specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Inequality and Environmental Goods and Bads specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Inequality and Environmental Goods and Bads specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition the exposure to African Americans and Hispanic Americans had statistically significant results showing that they re especially susceptible to toxic exposure, due to where they live, with both air pollution and proximity to solid waste and hazardous materials facilities. In 2002 Michael Ash and Robert Fetter analyzed the social and economic correlates of air pollution exposure in US cities using the 1 990 Census of Population and Housing. They constructed a unique dataset based on the Peas Risk Screening Environmental Indicators model (8). This model was able to account for atmospheric effects of dispersion (19). They found higher rates of pollution and toxic exposure consistently among lower income people and overall with people of color. They found something interesting about Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Hispanics tend to live in cleaner cities than whites, but within cities they tend to live in neighborhoods that are more polluted than the white residents in the city (18). Ash and Fetters results suggest that policy makers should seek redress for the disproportionate toxic exposure to black neighborhoods, and that environmental justice should remain a priority (20). Research by John Hip and Cynthia Lagoon quantifies the threat of environmental inequality. This research looks at levels of toxic sate in six populated counties in California between 1990 and 2000. The research explores the link be;en race and toxic environments. Hip and Lagoon found that in areas where there Were more Latino there was 84. 3% more toxicity than in average tracts, and with 15% more Asians there is 33. 7% more toxic waste. This research also found that in areas where some people have higher education (15. 5%) the area is exposed to 88. % less toxic than average. The researchers used census data to look for social disparities in proximity to toxic facilities. They found that those with less education are ore likely to live near these facilities and that this relationship solidified over time. Latino are particularly more likely to be exposed to toxicity and that exposure is likely to be more toxic. In 1997 Andrew Sass and Michael Musses conducted a review of literature that talks about how the movement against environmental racism began. This research reviews one of the first studies. The researchers include Benjamin Chivies groundbreaking research on toxic in African Americans communities. Sass and Musses also review one of the first ever studies in the field conducted in 1970 that looked for a relationship teen economic status (poverty) and greater exposure to polluted air. Overall this study found that the poorer the neighborhood the more polluted the air (1 01 However there were some caveats. For instance, different air pollutants impacted both African Americans and white manufacturing employees. This was the case in particular with sulfur oxide, a carcinogen. However this study also took into account emissions from automobiles. In larger cities such as Chicago all the rich, most of the poor Almost all the black Population resides in areas violating long-term particulate standards 101 This research suggests that people living in larger cities are exposed to more pollutants than people living in rural areas. These preliminary studies were not dominated by race discussion, but rather poverty and specifically urban poverty. The sass saw a number of studies on the topic of environmental inequality. The work from the sass focused on proximity to waste sites and pollutants emitted by operating plants. Race, occupation, education, and home value are the best predictor of the location of wastes sites. In 1994 AAA Gore was quoted saying, Race is the single most accurate redirector of the location of hazardous waste sites (104). Inequality and Conflict Theory The agent of harm is inequality, as much as pollution and polluting corporations. Research by James Boyce in 2007 addressed how inequality is actually harmful to the environment. He defines an environmental problem as harmful to humans. Ultimately, we all live in the environment, we derive the resources from nature to make our livelihoods. If something is a problem for the environment, then it is a problem for humans (4). When one group of people is exploited by another for economic benefit, inequality is allowed to occur. Through the lens of conflict theory, this allows those who have concentrated power on their side to achieve their goals better than their opposition, and they are able to build on their victory and gain advantage over Others. In this manner people in power Stay in power. Major polluters say that they dont deliberately target black neighborhoods, but Sharon says, Eventually those who win are able to create a system of inequality, a social structure where they are at the top, and a culture and set of intuitions works to protect them (163). This translates to environmental racism and we see it s an unequal share of pollution exposure. Environmental racism is defined as the deliberate targeting of people of color communities for toxic waste facilities and the official sanctioning of life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in people of color communities (Sass and Musses 114). Bad jobs are a major cause of inequality (Sharon 159). Low paying jobs reduce economic power and exist to allow others to make profit. Low paying jobs rob those who hold them of deciding where to live, Sharon says, it traps them in a life of bare survival (158). Bad jobs also expose people to more toxic absences than do white collar jobs. Environmental externalities are the consequences of an action where the people who bear the negative aspects of the action have no voice in the decision process. Some people benefit economically from pollution, but they are rarely those residents that have to live with the environmental fallout. Therefore, more environmental harm is likely to occur in regions where there is high inequality and most people have less information and social, democratic, and economic power. Boyce says, When the beneficiaries from environmentally harmful activities are more rueful than those who bear the costs, greater inequality can be expected to result in more environmental harm. On the other hand, when those who bear the costs are more powerful than the beneficiaries, we might expect the opposite: greater inequality yields less environmental harm (9). Conflict theory partially explains the reasons inequality exists. Conflict theory was derived from Karl Marx who saw that society is comprised of a number of different groups that compete for resources, whether they be economic resources like money or property, or social such as stature, or political power. Social order then, is attained by domination. The most powerful in terms of economic and social power, dominate those with less, and social consensus only comes in opposition of another weaker group. Historically, the conflicts and opposition in society have been over race, gender, and class. Inequality exists because the group in power uses its economic and social resources to its advantage in protecting its power. This theory is seen in both groups and individuals (Grossman). People who live in polluted communities are the proletariat described in Mars conflict theory. Proletariat are the working lass, that do not own land and do not have ownership of the means of production, so instead, they sell their labor. The bourgeoisie are the class that owns land and the means of production. They try to keep wages as low as possible to increase profits. The people in power do not live in these communities because they can afford not to, and they can afford to move. They have more economical and social power, and they would rather shift toxic exposure to poor communities than in their back yard. Determining the reason for inequality is important because when inequality exits crime, poverty, exploitation, stress, and lack of self-worth are symptoms. Social inequality is not the only cause of misery in the world, but it goes a long way in explaining much of it (Sharon 164). Because these symptoms of inequality increase human misery, they should be minimized. Sharon says that inequality cannot be eradicated, but misery can be limited by working together in a just and democratic society. When alienation between different races in society increases due to inequality the institution of racism and social construction of landscape gives polluters providence to site polluting facilities in poor and black neighborhoods. A paper by Knelt Edwards, an environmental sociology professor at University of Alaska Anchorage, explores the ways people in power euthanize the residents of an area in order to justify harm. This research explores the social construction of landscape at the time of nuclear testing in the mid 20th century in Point Hope, Alaska. The area was described as remote, nonwhite, and sparsely populated. This allowed political powers to justify the testing at the same time dehumidifying the inhabitants of the area. It is easier for a polluter to site hazardous facilities in poor neighborhoods because it is cheaper. There isnt the same amount of community backlash and resistance and the poor communities see corporate development as a benefit, that the new construction will bring jobs to the community. While there are a few salary positions that become available, often times the jobs are the low paying, dangerous, and unstable jobs mentioned earlier. This keeps the proletariat stuck in a cycle Of exploitation. According to Marxism, the system Of capitalism itself is based on exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Conclusion During the course of this research found that the corporation responsible or the most hazardous pollution that threatened my old elementary school is from a facility called Met Poss. Generation (LISA Today). I was encouraged to see on their website that in recent years theyve switched over to a greener form of energy. They are now operating on 100% woody biomass fuel to generate electricity rather than gasoline and coal generation (McPherson Energy Corporation), a move that has reduced the impact on the environment and the surrounding community. This move has taken a waste product and turned it into an economic good, while decreasing the environmental bad. National and community engagement is key to increasing the volume of the voices in this fight, but so is a change in the polluting practices of corporations. Carbon cap and trade, a move towards greener ways of producing energy, employing new technologies that reduce pollution and increasing the utilization of waste products will ease the conscience and raise profits of the bourgeoisie and increase the wages of the proletariat. Building and retrofitting neighborhoods So they are more energy efficient, Waste less, and are more centralized will keep the wages in the hands of community residents and out of the pockets of utility companies.

The Canadian Economy essays

The Canadian Economy essays With a population of over 30 million Canada is one of the worlds largest and strongest economies. Canada enjoys a desirable standard of living, an excellent infrastructure, a highly educated and skilled labor force as well as a well-deserved reputation as a successful trading nation. Canadas economy has not always been this way. In the late 1980s, right around the 4th quarter of 87 the Canadian economy hit a peak. The economy had just recovered from a trough earlier in the year, but what they didnt realize at the time was that they were heading back down into another trough, which they would eventually bottom out in the 2nd quarter of 91. I chose to look into the Canadian Economy from 1987 to 1994. While examining the chart for Canadas real GDP off Yardeni.com I came to the conclusion that Canadas Economy is strong, it has only hit a negative percent changes twice in the past 20 years. The second negative percent change occurred in the early 90s and that is what I am going to figure out by using some GDP Expenditure Component charts, a retail sales chart, the consumer price index chart, and lastly the interest rates chart. Consumer spending was on the fall, government spending was up and down, real capital spending was declining, and imports far outweighed exports. When consumer spending falls, with it goes the GDP, it puts the multiplier effect into play. When consumer spending changes in a little way, it can have a dramatic effect on everything else. The roll of the government did not seem to have an obvious correlation in the down spiraling economy. Government spending rose nearly 6% during the expansion of 1987 and fell back down almost 4% the following year, but as the economy kept falling, government spending did not change, it was sporadically shifting throughout the following 3 years, until it hit bottom and fell nearly 8% from 91 to 94. Alt...

Geography of the Palestine-Israel Conflict and the USA Essay - 8

Geography of the Palestine-Israel Conflict and the USA - Essay Example This lobby and its activities should be blamed for urging America to get into a war with Iraq. There are many people in the US government who are assigned by the lobby to steer the US policies into serving Israeli interests. There are also many organizations working in the US which collect money from the US to send it to Israel. In contrast to Smith’s assertion that there are US officials working for Israel in reality, Mearsheimer and Walt argue that Israel is a close friend of the US and the US will always come to Israel’s aid when required. This does not mean in any way that every US official who supports Israel is also necessarily a part of the lobby or working for it. America is not concerned with the activities or interests of the lobby. Anyone who works to preserve America’s relationship with Israel should not be considered a member of the lobby. Frankel (2006) agrees with Smith’s viewpoint that the perceived power of the Israeli lobby in the US is just too much which is why more economic aid is received by Israel from the US than any other nation in the world. This is not only because Israeli power, rather it is the way the lobby’s power is perceived that the US gives Israel more foreign aid every year than it does to any other

Should the US build more nuclear power plants for an energy source Essay

Should the US build more nuclear power plants for an energy source - Essay Example Furthermore, safe ways for the disposal of nuclear waste should be devised so that no harm can be brought to people who come into contact with it and to the environment. Since the construction of more nuclear power plants depends on the goodwill of all the political groups involved, then it is advisable for all these parties to come to a consensus on how to best deal with the issue (Sains, 2001). The nuclear plants should be constructed and while this is being done, all the safety concerns of those who are skeptical about it should be addressed to ensure that all the parties are working together to create a safe and efficient source of energy. There are many advantages for the use of nuclear energy in the United States and these may be political, economic, and environmental among others. There are many economic benefits for the construction of nuclear power plants in the United States as a source of energy. One of these benefits is that very small amounts of raw materials are require d for the production of a large amount of nuclear energy (Cavallaro, 2010). Moreover, since these raw materials are required in such small quantities, they can be easily transported from one place to another even globally. The operation of nuclear power stations at their full capacity will ensure that cheap electricity is available in the market and that more people will be able to afford it. Nuclear power is a reliable source of energy because the average lifespan of a nuclear reactor is forty years and this lifespan can be extended by another twenty years (Weeks, 2006). Although the initial cost of constructing a nuclear plant is high, the cost of running it afterwards is relatively low and this makes it a very good investment. Nuclear power is very environmentally friendly because no harmful emissions are released into the environment during the process of producing energy, as compared to other sources of energy such as fossil fuels. Nuclear plants require very little space to co nstruct and because of this it has very little impact on the environment. It can be used to produce large amounts of energy at very little environmental cost compared to other sources of energy because nothing needs to be burned in order to produce energy (Clemmitt, 2010). Throughout the nuclear fuel cycle, all the byproducts produced are accounted for and it is carefully stored to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the environment. It has been said of nuclear energy that since the beginning of the industrial revolution, it is the only industry which has managed to account for all of its waste that has a potential to harm the environment. The use of nuclear energy may also have a political impact on the United States especially at the international level. In the recent decades, the United States has, on numerous occasions, had to go to war in other countries to secure its energy interests. A very good example of this has been the First and the Second Gulf Wars whose main pu rpose was to secure the supply of oil. The use of nuclear energy would greatly reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign sources of energy because it would have more than enough for its domestic needs and it would even be able to export some of the surplus electricity to neighboring countries. Furthermore,

Solutions To Reduce Job Insecurity In Companies Management Essay

Solutions To Reduce Job Insecurity In Companies Management Essay Without endorsement, employees would feel that their company does not care about its staff and would therefore lack security. Thus, in this regard, this research attempts to evaluate the relevant staff motivation strategies to achieve organisational targets in employee satisfaction for their respective jobs. The organisational background presented several points that only accentuates and stresses the need for a study in determining solutions of job security for staff. As part of the possible conclusion of the study, this research only details the solutions to reduce job insecurity in companies, and retaining staff in order to meet target goals and quality improvements. The outcome of this report is limited only to the data collated from research papers and extracts on employee retention, human resource management (HRM), motivation and from primary data collected from the result of the questionnaire survey and interviews that were completed by other researchers. A descriptive research will be more valuable as it deals with everything that can be counted and studied but also uses a quantitative approach which will be practical for quantifying employee relationships between factors affecting job security. Table of contents Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..3 Problem statementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Aims and Objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Research Methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 Benefits of the researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦8 Time planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.9 Budget analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..10 Referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..11 Introduction Job insecurity is a situation in which employees lack the assurance that their jobs will remain safe. It is an employees conviction that his or her job is irresolute and may come to an end sooner than predicted. From what has been conceived and inferred, it is clear that this sentiment is upsetting to employees, given the prospect of losing the positive material, social, and psychological benefits associated with employment (De Witte, 1999). Research into the matter has provided reliable evidence across firms, industries, and countries that job insecurity is associated with negative employee attitudes, behaviors but also health. Are you structurally unemployed, fractionally unemployed, or out of a job?(Colossi, 1989). Decrease in workforce, lay-offs, downsizing, rightsizing, and restructure- all of these are terms currently being used to describe the hard work of organisations to decrease overheads and to obtain or regain a competitive advantage. How the elementary change of job security to job insecurity affects employees, is a concern for policy makers and researchers. This study observes factors involved in job insecurity and how they affect employees in terms of personal feelings and future employability. The Main effects of job insecurity are: Its been heard many times that life and work should be kept in harmony and balance but when work takes over life, it is easy to resent it and lose a sense of perception: Suddenly everything about life itself is clouded with pessimism. Job insecurity is linked to health problems and this has been examined in many studies. Stress, anxiety, psychological problems and depression, mental problem and emotional collapse can all be considered as the products of this scenario and mind frame. Job insecurity is causing poor health, anxieties and stress though it is worth noting that it is not the sole contributing factor to these. They are also caused by many other circumstances, including threat of job loss, changes in job description, added responsibilities because of dismissal of co worker, forced relocation and loss of potential for promotion. Problem statement In the past, individual employees believed that they had job security in return for their fidelity, though now, they have no guaranteed career paths or long term employment. Employability has become the new philosophy in the business nowadays, replacing patronizing sentiments and job insecurity.(waterman et al, 1994) Survivors and victims of downsizing experience fear, uncertainty, insecurity, distrust, and hatred as well as emotions typical of misery ; rage, disagreement and lack of confidence. These feelings affect employees not only in their work environment but also in their private lives. These particular emotions are the neither healthy nor productive in their workplace (noer, 1993; keichel III, 1994). In the wake of downsizing, retained employees are expected to restructure and re-organise work processes, be decision makers, be collaborative and team players but also become more customer focused (henoff, 1994; Huey, 1993). Unsurprisingly, international organisations report tha t stress is ubiquitous and combined with low confidence, as employees deal with increasing workloads, their reactions to organisational situations cause continuity to be threatened. Staff, employees or workers are fuels of every organisation. Without them, the organisation cannot function. They complete every essential tasks for the proliferation of the organisation. Employees are expected to ensure that various tasks are being given focus and that the business operations function with ease. Thus, employees should be valued and taken care of. Employees with incomparable skills are hard to find and sometimes it takes a lot of resource just to find one. Employees should also be valued for their principles and loyalty to their employer. Without motivation, employees would be less enthusiastic to give their best and would rather be an idler. Motivation or empowerment of staff is crucial for their retention (Computing Research Association, 1999). Without empowerment, staff would feel tha t their employer does not value them. Aims Objectives The main objective of the research is to ascertain the different characteristics of job insecurity and the relationship between the various factors affecting performance of staff. This methodical research is very much centered on identification of these so called factors. The other important feature of the research with regards to performance are also analysed in this research. The following are the other main objectives of the research; What are the main factors affecting the job insecurity towards employees? Do external and internal factors affect job security towards employees? Do the systems processes influence the job insecurity to the employees? Are the staff pleased with the environment of the workplace? Are there any problems with staff retention? Are there any factors which affect the morale in order to improve their motivation? Are there other factors which are leading to this trend in the other organisations? Research Methodology Research Design Brief description This part of the proposal talks about the methods that have been used for the research.  Ã‚  It describes the steps that should be taken in order to complete the study.  Ã‚  There are steps that include the procedure of the collation for the data that is needed in the delivery and completion of the research.  It also presents the approach in which these data will be used and integrated in the study but at the same time, details how the research proceeds to come up with the aims and objectives in order to reach to the final conclusion. In retrospect to the objectives of the study, the latter intends to determine the different aspects of job insecurity for employees. In order to identify the opinions of such employees, the studys methodology was focused on gathering both primary and secondary data through related research literature and the survey as well as interview materials. The immediate research methodology in mind is the descriptive research design.  The research is taken from different data sources that is vital in analysing the level of satisfaction issues associated with job insecurity performance standards for the subject employees. In order to produce relevant findings and provide reliable recommendations, this study uses two sources of research: primary and secondary.  Ã‚  Primary research data is obtained through fresh research study: questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews. On the other hand, the secondary research data is found from previous studies on the same topic.  In order to come to the main issue of how to gather the necessary data for the research questions and objectives, important layers should be first be stripped. With the said process, the researcher is able to make an outline on what measures are most suitable to be applied in the study. Qualitative or Quantitative Approach The research described is based basically on both qualitative and  quantitative  research methods. This allows a flexible and iterative approach. During data collection, the choice and design of methods are constantly changed, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new points and questions as they happen but also permits the researchers to remove unproductive sections of research from the original plan. Basically, quantitative method is compatible with this study because it allows the research problem to be conducted in a very specific and set terms (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). Besides, quantitative research clearly and specifically represents both the independent and the dependent variables under investigation (Matveev, 2002). Finally, it achieves high levels of consistency of gathered data due to i.e. controlled observations, mass surveys or other form of research manipulations (Balsley, 1990). The research should be based on surveys and statistical treatments, and therefore the quantitative approach fits well with this. On the other hand qualitative researchers study things in their natural ways, attempting to make sense of, or deduce phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Accordingly, qualitative researchers arrange a wide range of interrelated methods, hoping always to obtain a better fix on the topic matter at hand.   From this procedure, meaning is produced. However, because views differ with the individual, varied meanings are entirely plausible. With this particular study, the researcher used  both documentary secondary data  in the form of articles from books, journals, magazines and newspapers that are normally about corporate culture and quality service along with survey-based secondary data. Sampling / population The general population consists of staff from several different independent companies. Subjects are also interviewed independently from their HR managers. Respondents are probed for the current status of job insecurity factors among peers and the performance of their organisation. Basically,  Guilford, J.P. and B. Fruchter (1973), initiated that it is advisable to use the Slovins formula in choosing sample sizes, which has been implemented in this instance. The formula is as follows: Where:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  n = a sample size  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   N= population size e= desired margin of error (percent allowance for non-precision because of the use of the sample instead of the population).   Benefits of the research According to a recent report from the Society for Human Resource Management, employees consider benefits and job security as the two of the key aspects that provide overall job satisfaction. Job insecurity has an impact not only for employees but also the performance of the employer and its organisation. Subsequently, it can be said that the research will be both beneficial for companies and employees. We will then be able to distinguish the factors affecting job insecurity and the ensuing solutions and preventative methods to avoid this condition. Furthermore, employees families and other surrounding are affected too as this is due to health problems and imbalance lifestyles. Consequently, the aforementioned families will be part of the beneficiaries as well. Time plan Budget analysis Time of project Human resources- research assistance -field and technical support. Research expenses: printing of tools, Field expenses Meetings/consultations for research Printing of the report Capital- computers/setting up office/software for data analysis Overheads electricity, rent, and so on Expenditure Estimated Cost (Rs) Printing of research proposal 61 Transport expenses 350 Expenses of magazines, books for research. 1500 Binding cost 60 Questionnaire (Quantity = 100) 202 Total cost of 5950

The Role of Media in Society

In the world of today, media has become almost as necessary as food and clothing. It is true that media is playing an outstanding role in strengthening the society. It helps us to know current situations around the world. The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon society. Because of its inherent ability to reach large number of public, it is widely used to convey messages to build public opinion and awareness, its duty is to inform, educate and entertain the people.One of the major duties of media today is to inform the people about the latest happening around them and the world. They cover all the aspects of our interest like weather, politics, war, health, finance, science, fashion, music, etc. The need for more and more news has evolved into creation of dedicated TV & radio channels and magazines. People can listen, watch and read latest news whenever and wherever they want. Media people from television and print takes the risk of their lives to inform us about import ant news.The original idea behind the media was certainly to entertain masses. Media connects us through several mediums. Especially internet has become a need almost for every single individual both for our work and to connect with our friends. Facebook, is a global website where everyone can sign up and have an account. Since 2004 facebook has impacted the world. 80 percent of social media users prefer to connect with brands through Facebook because of its popularity.Roughly, near of 163,071,460 of americans have a facebook account. This is more than the half of the population of the United States Of America. To conclude, media plays a big important role in our society. Though it can cause annoyance for some people, it actually informs us about what it is going on through different mediums. We shouldn? t blame the media because I can assure we all have been involved with it at least once in our life.

Wireless Networks: Free Wireless Access

The availability of free wireless access in local communities with the use of web sites that allows searches for accessibility of wires networks all over the country is the scope of this paper. The paper also provides background information about the experience of having to browse the internet with the use of free wireless access.The paper arrives at a conclusion with a commentary on the issues concerning the movement persuading the government to provide free wireless access to everyone and its possible influences and outcomes, especially to the people and the business sector. It also provides a critical analysis about the notion behind free access, or not having to pay at all, for wireless network connections.Using the three search engines, Wi-Fi Free Spot, JiWire, and HotSpot Locations, the scope of free wireless access providers can be identified. In the United States alone, there are numerous areas, town, cities or states alike, where free wireless access is available.Business es tablishments, such as restaurants, coffee houses, gasoline stations, hotels, movie theaters, etc. provides free wireless access for their customers. Areas that are open to the public, such as public libraries, airports, bus stations, post offices, parks, hospitals, museums, schools and universities, some residential areas, and even beaches, also have free access to wireless networks.Browsing through the World Wide Web with the use of a free wireless network is fast and easy.   Unlike other business establishments who provide subscriptions or payments for the use of their wireless networks, the free wireless access requires no payment at all. Despite the fact that internet usage is free of charge, it also comes with high-speed internet connectivity that would satisfy the requirements of customers who access the internet in these areas.However, accessing the wireless network for free would bring you to electronic billboards packed with numerous advertisements promoting several produ cts and merchandises. Some establishments even advertise their own products over the World Wide Web. For instance, a coffee shop would advertise their most popular or newly launched products while their customer is browsing through the internet, by posting banner advertisements, pop-up windows etc.Well-known brand name producers of personal computers and input devices, mobile phones and personal digital assistants, and such even post banner advertisements to promote their products. I am guessing that these paid advertisements provide for the payment and maintenance of free wireless networks. However, I might be thinking incorrectly.There are numerous wireless operators providing wireless network services in all areas free of charge. The advent of wireless services access began as the use of wireless technologies such as laptops, personal digital assistants, pocket personal computers, and mobile phones has become widespread not just in the country but worldwide. This served as an opp ortunity for business corporations and establishments to gain a new breed of clients, in this case, internet users and clients.The United States government’s policy to provide free wireless access to all was organized by network managements, businessmen and online clients who would want to gain access to the World Wide Web anywhere they go without having to pay anything, and business proprietors alike who were aiming to draw customers to their establishments to help increase their profit.At first, wireless access was offered with due fees that was to be paid by the customer. The free wireless access was implemented right after, when people nationwide asked for free access to networks because of its positive outcomes and benefits.However, providing free wireless access to all harbors certain issues and concerns to the minds of the people. If wireless access is free, then who is paying for it? Business corporations and establishments who advertise through the internet contribut es to free wireless access, however, to base the complimentary access tow wireless networks on paid advertisements is improbable.As city governments over the country are starting to implement the free wireless access to all policy, some people have started second-guessing the concept of free access to wireless networks. Many people say that it is not at all free because the people pay for network access through the taxes they pay to the city government.This issue takes side with the people who do not at all use wireless networks to access the internet. As this is the case, they are obligated to pay for what they are not actually using. However, the benefits of free wireless access to all policy is undeniable, as it is not only available in business establishments but in public areas as well.For instance, providing free network access services in public libraries, educational institutions and universities, and parks, would be beneficial to the learning process of students and the ped agogical techniques of educators. It also organizes and systematizes the life of a community, as it makes communication and provision of services easier. For instance, addressing concerns to the city government is made easier by communicating through the World Wide Web.The other side of free wireless access influences the business sector. As they used to believe that providing free wireless access would allow them to invite people in purchasing their products, it has only done otherwise.To illustrate, coffee shops who provide free wireless access are packed with customers each day, however, it does not hold true that they really purchase products from them. Some people only go to these establishments for the relaxing environment and the free wireless access.ReferencesCisco. (2007). City Government Improves Service and Stimulates Local Economy. RetrievedDecember 6, 2007, from Cisco Systems, Inc. Website: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns621/networking_solutions_customer_profile090 0aecd804654bd.htmlHotSpot Locations: The Wireless Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Hotspot-Locations. Website: http://www.hotspot-locations.com/JiWire. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from JiWire, Inc. Website:http://www.jiwire.com/search-hotspot-locations.htmSeltzer, L. (2005). Wireless Access: The Next Great Municipal Crisis. Retrieved December 6,2007, from Ziff Davis Enterprise, Inc. Website: HotSpot Locations: The Wireless Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Hotspot-Locations. Website: http://www.hotspot-locations.com/Wi-Fi Free Spot: The Wi-Fi-Freespot Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Wi-Fi-Freespot Directory. Website: http://www.wififreespot.com/

Essay on Pros and Cons of E-Commerce - 556 Words

Pros and Cons of E-Commerce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Electronic commerce or e-commerce involves the buying and selling of products or services over the internet. Put simply, e-commerce means conducting business online. E-commerce software programs run the main functions of an e-commerce web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. This software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to process payments. E-Commerce can help a small business off to a great start or can make it fizzle into bankruptsy. It can have a positive and negitive impact on the success of a small business. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many pros to e-commerce. One factor is†¦show more content†¦These are a few of the major factors that can make e-commerce the right thing for a small business. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Though not all parts of e-commerce can make a small business soar to the Fortune 500. There are some cons to using e-commerce as an small business endeavor. One major con is the failure to understand the customers and why and how they buy. Retailers who do not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations can have trouble selling a sound value product. Failure to co-ordinate is yet another con. If existing reporting and control relationships do not suffice, one can move towards a flat, accountable, and flexible structure, which may or may not aid co-ordination. Failure to obtain senior management commitment can often result in a failure to gain sufficient corporate resources to accomplish a task. It helps to get top management involved right from the start. Failure to obtain employee commitment will occur if planners do not explain their strategy well to employees, or fail to give employees the whole picture, then training and setting up incentive s for workers to embrace the strategy may assist. 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